英文版本为权威文本。本译文为便利阅读而提供。如有任何不一致或解释上的分歧，以英文版本为准。
← Back to Human Flag禁止攻击被认定为 hors de combat 的人员，是习惯国际人道法的一项规则（ICRC Customary IHL Study 的 Rule 47；1907年《海牙章程》第23(c)条），无论是否批准相关条约，该规则均约束武装冲突各方。对于《第一附加议定书》缔约国，第41条提供了该规则最明确的条约表述；第57条则要求计划或决定攻击者采取一切可行措施，核实攻击仍然合法。尽管这些义务长期以来一直有效，以机器速度运行的自主和半自主系统仍造成一个实际问题：目前并不存在一种普遍规定的机器可读形式，使投降意图能够传达给这类系统并由其识别。
本文提出 HF SIGNAL 01，这是一项候选投降识别协议，旨在作为机器可读投降表示的技术参照。该协议提供两种替代模式：一种是不需要任何设备的被动视觉模式；另一种是主动电子模式，由必须共同确认的两个通道组成，即脉冲白色光学信号和射频特征。本文不主张其具有作战效能、已获采用或具有法律地位。该协议是表达投降意图的补充手段，绝不是获得保护的条件；其缺失不允许作出任何不利推断。本文所做的是依据先前界定的 Lawful Operational Safeguards 可行性标准评估该提案，包括技术成熟度、延迟、标注数据集和独立验证。
该评估刻意采取保守立场。HF SIGNAL 01 目前是一个有公开文档的候选方案；其主动模式已具体规定到可测试并可保存在完整性受保护文件中的参数层级，而被动模式的参数仍有待规范性确定。它没有经过验证的探测器，没有标注数据集，没有测量延迟，也没有独立验证。目前它的贡献是文档性的，而非作战性的。本文主张，一个公开可用且完整性受到保护的候选标准的存在，改变了评估投降识别能力的事实背景：此前仅被描述为技术上不可能的问题，由此转化为一个有文档依据的设计选择、审查和验证问题。
本文最后邀请开展独立技术测试、开发数据集，并在相关国际人道法和自主武器治理论坛中进行审议。
HF SIGNAL 01 is a recognition signal with channels matched to who is emitting it. Its primary channel requires no technology at all:
• The flag — a white circle on a red field, raised or displayed by the unarmed human. Like the white flag, it can be produced by anyone, anywhere, with cloth and paint — but it is specified for machine readability.
• Optical channel — 7 Hz pulsating white light, for equipped operators (vehicles, facilities, teams)
• Electronic channel — 144.0 MHz continuous FM tone, for equipped operators
Same protocol, same meaning, different levels of access: bare hands or instruments. No one is excluded from the possibility of signalling — this is the humanitarian point. A surrender signal that requires equipment contradicts itself: the person surrendering is, by definition, the one who has laid everything down. This is why the primary channel is cloth and paint. The published technical specification documents the optical and radio channels; the flag is the human-side channel of the same architecture.
Frequency reference value. The 144.0 MHz value indicated in the specification is a documented reference value, not an allocation. It falls within the 144.000–144.025 MHz segment designated for satellite use in the IARU Region 1 band plan; selection of an operational frequency requires coordination with the applicable national authorities and band plans. This determination is part of the independent regulatory validation identified in this paper as a precondition of any operational use.
HF SIGNAL 01 — Architecture Note (Human Flag Association) (V4, 27 August 2026). This note states, in one place, the architecture of HF SIGNAL 01 as the Association has published it. It amends no deposited document, alters no identifier, and asserts no obligation. HF SIGNAL 01 does not replace the white flag; it translates it. The gesture has not changed; the recipient has: a machine does not see a surrender; it detects or fails to detect a signal, and it shares no code with the white flag. HF SIGNAL 01 is a single protective function expressed through two modalities of differing accessibility: a passive visual modality — a white disc on a red field, requiring no power, equipment, licence or emission, and available to a person who has nothing — and an active electronic modality, a pulsating white light at 7 Hz together with a continuous FM tone, which presupposes equipment. The modalities are alternative expressions of the same meaning, not a conjunction; requiring all of them would exclude precisely those least equipped to signal. A confirmed signal calls for suspension of engagement and verification of status; it is never a necessary condition of protection, and its absence permits no adverse inference. The note also records the questions that remain open, including carrier frequency, emission risk, photosensitivity, separability from the protective emblems of the Geneva Conventions, and the parameters of the passive symbol, whose geometry and chromaticity are a placeholder awaiting normative determination.
International Humanitarian Law · Autonomous Weapons Systems · Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems · Article 41 · Article 57 · Surrender Recognition · Machine-Readable Signal
HF SIGNAL 01 采用了以下文献中提出的可行性标准：Lawful Operational Safeguards in AI Systems（Paper I）和 Systemic Arrestability（Paper II）。决定此类信号是否能够被识别的时间前提，在 HFA Technical Note HFA-TN-02 中得到阐述。